When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution.Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.Click Sign in through your institution.Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.Ĭhoose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Get help with access Institutional accessĪccess to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. The expansion of Miami’s segregated infrastructure proved critical to growing South Florida’s economy and to increasing black people’s faith the federal government as a potential enabler of racial equality. And as Miami moved through the 1940s, new forms of government spending helped drive the development of several “Colored Only” institutions, including a black only beach, police force, and court. Jim Crow governance had already helped initiate the idea that one’s “race” was a kind of property. Real estate and other expressions of property rights continued to be important to these efforts, because they affirmed the relationship between race and the built environment. That effort required new forms of social and residential control sturdy enough to protect white privileges and flexible enough to allow for non-white tourism, new networks of West Indian labor migration, and international trade with racially complex Latin American countries. With the United States becoming more of a global power, residents and business leaders sought to make Miami the U.S.’s preeminent international city. With a focus on the World War II years, “Pan America” details the ways in which increased federal investment in South Florida helped harden the color line and the political culture needed to enforce it.

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